Presidio,castigo, prostitución: mujeres en el siglo XIX

At the end of the 19th century, in the face of preconceived ideas about the existence of a natural reality, there is a decisive change in the biological condition of women. The dissociation between sexuality and reproduction is the starting point against a system of assumptions that have associated both concepts in an unquestionable way. When we say "biological change of women", what do we mean? Not to a biological mutation, obviously, but to a change in what men and women have of biographical: from the social, historical, strictly personal point of view.From the social model impregnated by Catholic doctrine the idea emerged that considered women beings prone to be led by lust and crime, beings who with their bad arts, as descendants of Eve, could drag man towards sinful behavior, toward new forms of original sin. These ideas would even lead to the nineteenth century saw emerge new theories about crime that would consider the woman a being whose evolution was less than that of man.The penitentiary and penal treatment of women would be a subject discussed by the Spanish penitentiary reformism of the 19th century. There was a new spirit that wanted to change the previous penitentiary situation. During the nineteenth century the gender ideology would prevail in the different types of institutions to which women were derived because the treatment was based on the fact that on the one hand they were criminals and on the other they had to be corrected and return to their role of good women. It was the beginning of the change in the penitentiary regime.A finales del siglo XIX, frente las ideas preconcebidas a cerca de la existencia de una realidad natural, se asiste al cambio de la condición biológica de la mujer de manera decisiva. La disociación entre la sexualidad y la reproducción es el punto de partida frente a un sistema de supuestos que han asociado ambos conceptos de manera incuestionable. Cuando decimos “cambio biológico de la mujer”, ¿a qué nos referimos? No a una mutación biológica, evidentemente, sino a un cambio en lo que hombres y mujeres tienen de biográficos: desde el punto de vista social, histórico, estrictamente personal.Del modelo social impregnado por la doctrina católica emergía la idea que consideraba a las mujeres seres propensos a ser llevados por la lujuria y el crimen, seres que con sus malas artes, como descendientes de Eva, podían arrastrar al hombre hacia conductas pecaminosas, hacia nuevas formas del pecado original. Estas ideas conllevarían incluso a que el siglo XIX viera emerger nuevas teorías acerca de la criminalidad que considerarían a la mujer un ser cuya evolución era menor a la del hombre.El tratamiento penitenciario y penal de las mujeres sería un tema discutido por el reformismo penitenciario español del siglo XIX. Había un nuevo espíritu que deseaba cambiar la situación penitenciaria anterior. Durante el siglo XIX la ideología de género se impondría en las distintas tipologías de instituciones a las que las mujeres eran derivadas por cuanto el tratamiento se basaba en el hecho que por un lado eran delincuentes y por el otro debían ser corregidas y regresar a su papel de buenas mujeres. Era el inicio del cambio en el régimen penitenciario

Desarrollo de una aplicación en Android para la estimación automática de carbohidratos mediante un análisis de imágenes y técnicas de Inteligencia Artificial

Este trabajo de fin de grado tiene como objetivo desarrollar una aplicación para dispositivos móviles, concretamente para aquellos dispositivos con sistema operativo Android. Esta aplicación, será capaz, mediante una fotografía tomada con el propio dispositivo, de reconocer los distintos alimentos presentes en la imagen a través de técnicas de visión por computador y de Inteligencia Artificial. La finalidad de esta aplicación es proporcionar una herramienta sencilla e intuitiva a las personas que sufren diabetes para ayudarles en la estimación y monitorización de nutrientes, consiguiendo así que puedan aplicar un plan de alimentación saludable que les ayude a controlar los síntomas de la enfermedad. En primer lugar, la aplicación segmentará la imagen proporcionada por el usuario mediante el algoritmo de agrupamiento KMeans. Los resultados proporcionados por este algoritmo serán usados por el clasificador que, mediante el algoritmo K-Nearest Neighbors, etiquetará los distintos alimentos. Una vez los alimentos han sido etiquetados en la categoría correcta, la aplicación hace uso de una base de datos externa USDA para conseguir los valores nutricionales de cada alimento haciendo especial énfasis en los carbohidratos. Toda la información recopilada es mostrada al usuario y después es guardada en su propio historial. Cada usuario cuenta con un historial de comidas donde se guarda información de las fotos de las comidas que ha subido y todos los valores nutricionales de éstas. De esta forma queda una aplicación capaz de identificar diferentes alimentos en una misma imagen usando técnicas de visión por computador y de Inteligencia Artificial facilitando la tarea a las personas que sufren de diabetes de estimar la cantidad de insulina diaria necesaria, logrando así un mejor control sobre la enfermedad y sus síntomas

Indicadors de sostenibilitat i percepció social del Camí de Cavalls a Menorca

S'efectuarà una avaluació global de l'estat ambiental del camí a partir dels indicadors. A més a més, es crearà un SIG que permeti la representació gràfica dels resultats dels indicadors i de la seva avaluació. Es realitzarà una aproximació social al Camí de Cavalls que engloba la percepció dels actors de la societat menorquina rellevants en la seva gestió, així com el tipus d'usuari del camí. A partir d'aquí, s'elaboraran uns productes de comunicació: a nivell divulgatiu, es realitzarà una monografia sobre el sistema d'indicadors ambientals del Camí de Cavalls. A nivell científic, s'aportaran una sèrie d'indicadors que podran ser emprats per a qualsevol camí litoral del món.Nota: Aquest document conté originàriament altre material i/o programari només consultable a la Biblioteca de Ciència i Tecnologia

Health and working conditions of pregnant women working inside and outside the home in Mexico City

BACKGROUND: To explore differences related to health and working conditions by comparing socio-demographic parameters, reproductive and prenatal care characteristics and working conditions among pregnant women who are employed outside the home (extra-domestic) while still performing a domestic workload versus those who perform exclusively domestic work in the home (intra-domestic). METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out at Family Medicine Unit N 31 of the Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS) in Mexico City between April and July 2003. Interviews were conducted with 537 pregnant women engaged in either extra-domestic work plus intra-domestic tasks, or those performing strictly intra-domestic work. Information was obtained regarding their demographic status, prenatal care, reproductive, work characteristics, and health during pregnancy. RESULTS: One hundred ninety-six (36.5%) of the interviewed women had paid jobs outside the home in addition to domestic tasks, while three hundred forty-one (63.5 %) engaged in exclusively intra-domestic occupations. Of the women with paid jobs, 78.6% worked as clerks. Among domestic tasks, we found that the greatest workload was associated with washing of clothes, and our micro-ergonomic analysis revealed that women who worked strictly inside the home had a higher domestic workload versus employed women (69.2 vs. 44.9%). When we analyzed the effect of work on health during pregnancy, we observed that women who worked strictly inside the home were at a higher risk for musculoskeletal and genitourinary symptoms than those employed outside the home. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the effect of intra-domestic work should not be ignored when considering women's health during pregnancy, and that greater attention should be paid to women's working conditions during intra and extra-domestic work

Pro-vegetarian food patterns and cardiometabolic risk in the PREDIMED-Plus study: a cross-sectional baseline analysis

[Purpose]: We explored the cross-sectional association between the adherence to three different provegetarian (PVG) food patterns defined as general (gPVG), healthful (hPVG) and unhealthful (uPVG), and the cardiometabolic risk in adults with metabolic syndrome (MetS) of the PREDIMED-Plus randomized intervention study. [Methods]: We performed a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from 6439 participants of the PREDIMED-Plus randomized intervention study. The gPVG food pattern was built by positively scoring plant foods (vegetables/fruits/legumes/grains/potatoes/nuts/olive oil) and negatively scoring, animal foods (meat and meat products/animal fats/eggs/fish and seafood/dairy products). The hPVG and uPVG were generated from the gPVG by adding four new food groups (tea and coffee/fruit juices/sugar-sweetened beverages/sweets and desserts), splitting grains and potatoes and scoring them differently. Multivariable-adjusted robust linear regression using MM-type estimator was used to assess the association between PVG food patterns and the standardized Metabolic Syndrome score (MetS z-score), a composed index that has been previously used to ascertain the cardiometabolic risk, adjusting for potential confounders. [Results]: A higher adherence to the gPVG and hPVG was associated with lower cardiometabolic risk in multivariable models. The regression coefficients for 5th vs. 1st quintile were − 0.16 (95% CI: − 0.33 to 0.01) for gPVG (p trend: 0.015), and − 0.23 (95% CI: − 0.41 to − 0.05) for hPVG (p trend: 0.016). In contrast, a higher adherence to the uPVG was associated with higher cardiometabolic risk, 0.21 (95% CI: 0.04 to 0.38) (p trend: 0.019). [Conclusion]: Higher adherence to gPVG and hPVG food patterns was generally associated with lower cardiovascular risk, whereas higher adherence to uPVG was associated to higher cardiovascular risk.This work was supported by the official Spanish Institutions for funding scientific biomedical research, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), through the Fondo de Investigación para la Salud (FIS), which is co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (six coordinated FIS projects leaded by JS-S and JVi, including the following projects: PI13/00673, PI13/00492, PI13/00272, PI13/01123, PI13/00462, PI13/00233, PI13/02184, PI13/00728, PI13/01090, PI13/01056, PI14/01722, PI14/00636, PI14/00618, PI14/00696, PI14/01206, PI14/01919, PI14/00853, PI14/01374, PI14/00972, PI14/00728, PI14/01471, PI16/00473, PI16/00662, PI16/01873, PI16/01094, PI16/00501, PI16/00533, PI16/00381, PI16/00366, PI16/01522, PI16/01120, PI17/00764, PI17/01183, PI17/00855, PI17/01347, PI17/00525, PI17/01827, PI17/00532, PI17/00215, PI17/01441, PI17/00508, PI17/01732, PI17/00926, PI19/00957, PI19/00386, PI19/00309, PI19/01032, PI19/00576, PI19/00017, PI19/01226, PI19/00781, PI19/01560, PI19/01332, PI20/01802, PI20/00138, PI20/01532, PI20/00456, PI20/00339, PI20/00557, PI20/00886, PI20/01158); the Especial Action Project entitled: Implementación y evaluación de una intervención intensiva sobre la actividad física Cohorte PREDIMED-Plus grant to JS-S; the European Research Council (Advanced Research Grant 2014–2019; agreement #340918) granted to MÁM-G.; the Recercaixa (number 2013ACUP00194) grant to JS-S; grants from the Consejería de Salud de la Junta de Andalucía (PI0458/2013, PS0358/2016, PI0137/2018); the PROMETEO/2017/017 grant from the Generalitat Valenciana; the SEMERGEN grant; None of the funding sources took part in the design, collection, analysis, interpretation of the data, or writing the report, or in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication

Total and Subtypes of Dietary Fat Intake and Its Association with Components of the Metabolic Syndrome in a Mediterranean Population at High Cardiovascular Risk

Background: The effect of dietary fat intake on the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and in turn on cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains unclear in individuals at high CVD risk. Objective: To assess the association between fat intake and MetS components in an adult Mediterranean population at high CVD risk. Design: Baseline assessment of nutritional adequacy in participants (n = 6560, men and women, 55-75 years old, with overweight/obesity and MetS) in the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED)-Plus randomized trial. Methods: Assessment of fat intake (total fat, monounsatured fatty acids: MUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids: PUFA, saturated fatty acids: SFA, trans-fatty acids: trans-FA, linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, and ω-3 FA) using a validated food frequency questionnaire, and diet quality using 17-item Mediterranean dietary questionnaire and fat quality index (FQI). Results: Participants in the highest quintile of total dietary fat intake showed lower intake of energy, carbohydrates, protein and fiber, but higher intake of PUFA, MUFA, SFA, TFA, LA, ALA and ω-3 FA. Differences in MetS components were found according to fat intake. Odds (5th vs. 1st quintile): hyperglycemia: 1.3-1.6 times higher for total fat, MUFA, SFA and ω-3 FA intake; low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c): 1.2 higher for LA; hypertriglyceridemia: 0.7 lower for SFA and ω-3 FA intake. Conclusions: Dietary fats played different role on MetS components of high CVD risk patients. Dietary fat intake was associated with higher risk of hyperglycemia

Consumption of caffeinated beverages and kidney function decline in an elderly Mediterranean population with metabolic syndrome

It remains unclear whether caffeinated beverages could have deleterious renal effects in elderly population with underlying comorbid conditions. We investigated the associations between coffee, tea, or caffeine intake and 1-year changes in glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in a large Spanish cohort of overweight/obese elderly with metabolic syndrome (MetS). This prospective analysis includes 5851 overweight/obese adults (55-75 years) with MetS from the PREDIMED-Plus study. We assessed coffee, tea, and caffeine consumption from a validated food-frequency questionnaire and creatinine-based eGFR using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation. Multivariate-adjusted regression models were applied to test associations between baseline coffee, tea, or caffeine intake and 1-year eGFR changes. Caffeinated coffee (> 2 cups/day) and tea (at least 1 cup/day) drinkers had 0.88 and 0.93 mL/min/1.73 m2 greater eGFR decrease respectively, compared to those with less than 1 cup/day of coffee consumption or non-tea drinkers. Furthermore, caffeinated coffee consumption of > 2 cups/day was associated with 1.19-fold increased risk of rapid eGFR decline > 3 mL/min/1.73 m2 (95% CI 1.01-1.41). Similarly, individuals in the highest (median, 51.2 mg/day) tertile of caffeine intake had a 0.87 mL/min/1.73 m2 greater eGFR decrease. Decaffeinated coffee was not associated with eGFR changes. In conclusion, higher consumption of caffeinated coffee, tea, and caffeine was associated with a greater 1-year eGFR decline in overweight/obese adults with MetS

Sensibilización y formación en la accesibilidad e inclusión de las personas con discapacidad visual al proceso de Enseñanza-Aprendizaje. SENSIVISUAL-UCM

El objetivo general de este proyecto viene definido por la necesidad de inclusión de las personas con discapacidad visual, parcial o absoluta, en el mundo académico, así como la de favorecer su incorporación al mundo laboral con unas condiciones formalizadas y estables. A través de las acciones realizadas en este proyecto de innovación y mejora de la calidad docente se podrá mejorar la accesibilidad en los diferentes Grados de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, ayudando en la generación de material didáctico y composición de grupos de trabajo que fomenten el trabajo colaborativo permitiendo el re-fuerzo académico